查看完整版本: MG-42[55P]

MG-42[55P]

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当MG-34还在德军中进行测试时，德军就已经察觉到这挺机枪的不足之处，除了造价高、加工不易外，它对战场环境的承受力也差，对泥土、灰尘、冰雪的污染都很敏感。因此在MG-34还未正式列装的1937年，德军就开始了对新机枪的寻求，当时有3家公司提出了自己的设计，德国军方对其中一家名不见经传的公司— “格罗斯福斯金属制品公司”的设计很有兴趣，而这家公司只是一家生产不锈钢餐厨具的小公司，并没有生产武器的经历，主设计师维尔纳?格鲁纳也不是从事枪械设计的，而是一个金属冲压工艺专家，而军方偏偏就看上了他们的设计。但对这家公司的设计却并不满意，一再要求进行改进，一直到第4挺样枪才得到了军方的认可，1941年2月，1500挺暂定型号为MG39/41的新机枪交付德军进行测试，而这一测试是在战场上进行的。德军在北非对英军第8集团军的战斗中首次使用了新机枪，对其的表现非常满意，这挺机枪除精度不如MG-34外，在火力、使用性和勤务保障性各方面全面压倒MG-34（当然在颜值上较MG-34也差点），而在金属消耗、所用工时上仅相当于MG-34的50%，成本也比MG-34降低了24%。很快，新机枪正式定型，型号为MG-42，开始大量生产并装备德军。

MG-42由维尔纳?格鲁纳和库尔特?霍恩设计，整体上并没有什么新的发明，它的枪管采用的是意大利伯莱塔机枪的设计，枪机部分采用的是波兰人的设计（可怜的波兰人，新设计出的东西还未变成现实，就让德国人连草稿都给没收了。）。但它最突出的特点是大量采用了冲压工艺部件，使得制造更加容易。和MG-34一样采用气冷式枪管，使用功能也与MG-34差不多，在枪管护套上有两个脚架安装位置，脚架可以前后安装，也可使用重型脚架，并安装光学瞄镜进行精准射击。装上环形瞄具，使用轻型高射三脚枪架，或在重型三脚架上接上对空射击支杆，就可对空射击，也可使用专用高射枪架，组成多挺联装高机对空作战。使用弹链供弹，但只能连发射击，换枪管的方法比MG-34还要简便。

MG-42定型后，当年就生产了一万余挺，次年产量猛增了十倍，至德国投降时止，不到4年时间，德国就生产了414964挺MG-42机枪，可见其生产的便捷程度。

MG-42投入战场后，它那听不出点活象撕油布般的枪声，让盟军士兵感到极大的恐怖，给它取名叫“希特勒的锯木机”。但随着德国败局的到来，战争物资的缺乏，德军对MG-42也感到不满意了，要求对其进行改进，新机枪要更强的火力、更少的资源需求、更容易制造。于是，德国先后研制出了MG-42V和MG-45，但败局已定，MG-45仅造出了10挺德国就投降了。

二战结束后，德国所有的机枪不是被销毁就是被盟国瓜分，但MG-42机枪的命运并没有终结。瑞士在其基础上研制出7.5mm口径的MG-51机枪装备部队（但奇怪的是，瑞士人将大部分部件采用机加工生产，因此比MG-42重）。而南斯拉夫直接仿造了MG-42机枪，型号为M-53。最有意思的是德国，在上世纪50年代，当时的西德重新组建国防军时，竟发现没有机枪可用，只好花钱从土耳其等国购买了一批MG-42机枪，将其改膛为使用7.62北约弹口径，型号定为MG-1装备部队，后几经改进，最后定型了MG-3机枪，这MG-42的亲儿子一下子大出风头，有20多个国家装备，有几个国家还购买了生产权自行生产。至今MG-42的子孙还活跃在世界各地的局部战场上。

早期的MG-42机枪

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后来生产的MG-42机枪

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MG-45机枪

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瑞士MG-51机枪

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南斯拉夫M-53机枪

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德国MG-3机枪

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奥地利MG-74机枪

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